Las empresas de la industria marítima de Cantabria han tomado contacto con el complejo y pujante desarrollo del hidrógeno como sistema de propulsión limpio y sostenible. Un combustible eficiente llamado a reemplazar la combustión del fuel que ha protagonizado la última jornada técnica organizada por el Clúster Marítimo de Cantabria – MarCA.
El encuentro, celebrado por primera vez en formato virtual, ha contado con más de 70 participantes en representación de toda la cadena de valor de un sector altamente identificado con el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación. “El hidrógeno va a ser un elemento clave en el transporte a medio plazo, por eso es fundamental que nuestra industria marítima esté preparada y sepa explotar las nuevas vías de negocio que aparezcan para la economía azul,” ha afirmado en la introducción Juan Luis Sánchez, presidente del Clúster Marítimo de Cantabria.
Además de encontrarse de manera natural en el entorno, ya que forma parte de la molécula del agua, una de las características que hacen tan atractivo el estudio de este elemento químico es su versatilidad como vector energético. “Nos permite almacenar energía, pero también sirve como combustible, como una commodity… Es muy versátil,” ha explicado Óscar Fernández, product manager de Siemens y primer ponente de esta jornada. “El hidrógeno no nos debe dar miedo” ya que “su explotación parte de un proceso industrial que tiene más de 100 años”.
Actualmente se utilizan entre 70 y 80 millones toneladas de hidrógeno anuales en la industria para generar energía mediante distintos tipos de pirólisis. Sin embargo, su gran volumen en estado gaseoso supone un gran desafío a la hora de emplear este elemento como fuente energética en el mar. De ahí el creciente interés en investigar a fondo sus aplicaciones y usos tanto comprimido como licuado.
“Ya existe una economía del hidrógeno para procesos industriales” indicó Fernández. “Ahora se nos abre esa paleta en el sector marítimo, donde lo podemos considerar como un combustible para movilidad y una forma de almacenar energía,” ha apuntado. “Cualquier de nuestras empresas está a tiempo de competir a nivel global, en igualdad de condiciones, para dar soluciones”.
A pesar de ser una tecnología incipiente, todavía lejos de tener un precio competitivo de mercado, el jefe de producto de Siemens, líder mundial en el sector energético, explicó que “todos pueden trabajar de alguna manera con hidrógeno: Los propios astilleros habilitando la construcción de embarcaciones, los propios puertos disponiendo de tecnología para almacenarlo… y la consiguiente industria auxiliar”.
Jorge Dahl suscribió prácticamente todas las aseveraciones del ponente anterior. “Los cuatro ases de la descarbonización para el sector marítimo van a ser la logística y digitalización; la hidrodinámica; la maquinaria; y, especialmente, los nuevos combustibles” indicó el business development manager en DNV GL España, empresa que se asoció al Clúster MarCA el año pasado. De éstos últimos “el combustible alternativo más interesante tanto en términos de emisiones de gases nocivos como de contaminación acústica es el hidrógeno”.
Asimismo, durante su intervención, subrayó que se trata de un elemento con una capacidad energética alta – “su energía por su masa triplica la energía que se desprende del fuego”-, que debe superar el reto tecnológico que supone operar en condiciones marinas. “Se necesitan alrededor de 500 pilas de combustible como las que lleva un coche para poder mover un barco” matizó Dahl. “Además, hay que hacer frente a una humedad cercana al 60 %, los riesgos que entraña la salinidad o los distintos rangos de temperaturas”.
Prueba de que el hidrógeno es un elemento que ha venido para quedarse es que “desde hace un año o año y medio se empieza a hablar de hidrógeno en la Administración,” ha explicado. “Ha habido un cambio considerable en cómo se empieza a percibir como combustible de uso. Eso dará pie a que haya más implicación de la Administración y más apoyo a la industria general y la industria naval”.
Simultáneamente, Dahl ha reconocido que, aunque todas las sociedades de clasificación están trabajando en ello, “en el ámbito regulatorio tenemos mucho que avanzar en el tema del hidrógeno”. “Todavía no conocemos a fondo los requisitos de seguridad y los riesgos asociados a la navegación con este combustible” indicó. “Hoy por hoy necesitamos más experiencias con el hidrógeno para no lastrar el desarrollo por falta de normativa”.
El tesón del clúster cántabro por hacer posible esta jornada y el gran interés mostrado por todos los socios ponen de manifiesto el espíritu vanguardista e innovador de esta agrupación sectorial. La urgencia medioambiental de reducir las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero desde el océano y la presión ejercida por normativas internacionales como la IMO 2020 han motivado una sensibilidad especial de la industria marítima cántabra sobre este aspecto.
No en vano, ha destacado anteriormente por aplicar buenas prácticas en el desarrollo de estructuras energéticas offshore, el gas natural licuado (GNL), sistemas de depuración de emisiones o scrubbers, así como los sistemas de propulsión autónomos asistidos o velas rígidas.
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